Dynamic media bit rates based on enterprise data transfer policies

ABSTRACT

In general, this disclosure describes techniques of dynamically selecting versions of media content based on data transfer policies of a media content provider that provides the media content. As described herein, a media content provider may establish a variety of data transfer policies for a variety of purposes. When requests are received, versions of media assets indicated by the requests are selected such that an overall bandwidth utilization of the media content provider is likely to be substantially equal to a desired bandwidth utilization established by one or more of the enterprise data transfer policies.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/409,080 filed Feb. 29, 2012, entitled “DYNAMIC MEDIA BIT RATES BASEDON ENTERPRISE DATA TRANSFER POLICIES” which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 12/486,589 filed on Jun. 17, 2009, entitled“DYNAMIC MEDIA BIT RATES BASED ON ENTERPRISE DATA TRANSFER POLICIES,”and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 61/073,542 filed Jun.18, 2008, entitled “DYNAMIC MEDIA BIT RATES BASED ON ENTERPRISE DATATRANSFER POLICIES”. The entireties of the aforementioned applicationsare incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to computer networks and particularly todownloading media data on computer networks.

BACKGROUND

Media content providers provide media content to users via one or morecomputer networks. For example, an operator of a web site may allowusers to download homemade video clips via the Internet. In manysituations, media content providers do not own or control the networkthrough which users download media content provided by the media contentproviders. Thus, in order to provide media content to users, mediacontent providers may make contracts with network service providers thatown or control the networks. In such a contract, a network serviceprovider that owns a network may allow the media content provider tosend media content via the network in exchange for money and/or otherservices.

In many circumstances, a network service provider that owns a networkmay charge a media content provider an amount based on the number ofbits that the media content provider sends through the network. Forexample, the network service provider may charge the media contentprovider $0.005 for each megabyte that the media content provider sendsthrough the network. In a second example, the network service providermay use bandwidth utilization as a proxy indicator for the total usageof the media content provider through the network. In this secondexample, the network service provider and the media content provider mayagree to a so-called “95/5” rule. In accordance with the “95/5” rule,the network service provider may sample at regular intervals the overallbandwidth utilization of the media content provider.

SUMMARY

In general, this disclosure describes techniques of dynamicallyselecting a media asset of media content based on data transfer policiesof a media content provider that provides the media content. Asdescribed herein, a media content provider may establish a variety ofdata transfer policies for a variety of purposes. When requests arereceived, versions of media assets indicated by the requests areselected such that an overall bandwidth utilization of the media contentprovider is likely to be substantially equal to a desired bandwidthutilization specified by one or more of the data transfer policies.

In one example, a method comprises receiving at a media content provider(MCP) a request from a client device for a media asset. The MCP iscapable of providing multiple versions of the media asset. Each of theversions of the media asset is associated with a different playback rateas measured in bits per second. The method further comprises selecting,in response to the request, one of the multiple versions of the mediaasset such that when the MCP transfers the selected version of the mediaasset to the client device over a network link an overall bandwidthutilization of the network link by the MCP is substantially equal to adesired overall bandwidth utilization indicated by a data transferpolicy. The method further comprises transferring the selected versionof the media asset from the MCP over the network link.

In another example, a device comprises a network interface at a mediacontent provider (MCP) that receives a request from a client device fora media asset. The media content provider (MCP) is capable of providingmultiple versions of the media asset. Each of the versions of the mediaasset is associated with a different playback rate as measured in bitsper second. The device further comprises a version selection module(VSM) that: (i) selects, in response to the request, one of the multipleversions of the media asset for the client device such that when the MCPtransfers the selected version of the media asset over a network link anoverall bandwidth utilization of the network link by the MCP issubstantially equal to a desired overall bandwidth utilization indicatedby a data transfer policy stored in a data transfer policy module, and(ii) causes the selected version of the media asset to be transferredfrom the MCP over the network link.

In another example, a computer-readable storage medium comprisesinstructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause theone or more processors to be able to receive at a media content provider(MCP) a request from a client device for a media asset. A media contentprovider (MCP) is capable of providing multiple versions of the mediaasset. Each of the versions of the media asset is associated with adifferent playback rate as measured in bits per second. In addition, thecomputer-readable storage medium comprises instructions to select, inresponse to the request, one of the multiple versions of the media assetsuch that when the MCP transfers the selected version of the media assetover a network link an overall bandwidth utilization of the network linkby MCP is substantially equal to a desired overall bandwidth utilizationindicated by a data transfer policy. Furthermore, the computer-readablestorage medium comprises program instructions to transfer the selectedversion of the media asset from the MCP over the network.

In one example, a device comprises means for receiving at a mediacontent provider (MCP) a request from a client device for a media asset.The MCP is capable of providing multiple versions of the media asset.Each of the versions of the media asset is associated with differentplayback rate as measured in bits per second. The device furthercomprises means for selecting, in response to the request, one of themultiple versions of the media asset such that when the MCP transfersthe selected version of the media asset to the client device over anetwork link an overall bandwidth utilization of the network link by theMCP is substantially equal to a desired overall bandwidth utilizationindicated by a data transfer policy. The device further comprises meansfor transferring the selected version of the media asset from the MCPover the network link.

The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth inthe accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features,objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thedescription and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary system fortransmitting media content.

FIGS. 2A-2C are timing diagrams illustrating examples of MCPtransmitting media assets at are encoded for different playback rates togenerate a desired overall bandwidth utilization.

FIG. 3 is an example embodiment of various components of a deliveryinformation server.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating various exemplary components of aclient device.

FIG. 5A is a flowchart illustrating a first example operation of aclient device.

FIG. 5B is a flowchart illustrating a second example operation of aclient device.

FIG. 6A is a flowchart illustrating a first exemplary operation of amedia server.

FIG. 6B is a flowchart illustrating a second exemplary operation of amedia server.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary operation of a deliveryinformation server.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of a versionselection module (VSM) when a first one of the client devices requeststo download a media asset.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of a VSM whenthe data transfer policy indicates a maximum desired overall bandwidthutilization.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of a data transferpolicy module when a desired overall bandwidth utilization changes overa billing period.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating another operation of VSM when adesired overall bandwidth utilization changes over a billing period.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary download agentconnected to the media server.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary system 2 fortransmitting media content. System 2 includes a media content provider(MCP) 7, service provider 3, network 8, delivery information server 10,and client device 4A-4N (collectively client devices 4). Client devices4 may be a wide variety of different types of devices. For example, eachone of client devices 4 may be a personal computer, a laptop computer, amobile telephone, a personal media player, a device integrated into avehicle, a network telephone, a network television, a television set-topbox, a network appliance, or another type of network device.

MCP 7 transmits media content to client devices 4 via network 8. MCP 7transmits media content via network access link 9 to service provider 3,e.g., a T3 line. Network link 9 may be one dedicated link to serviceprovider 3, or may be a plurality of links from MCP 7 to serviceprovider 3. Service provider 3 provides service provider networkinfrastructure 11 to forward the media content to network 8. Thebandwidth that MCP 7 utilizes to transmit media content through networklink 9 to service provider 3 is referred to as the overall bandwidthutilization. Traditionally, the overall bandwidth utilization may bedetermined by the number of client devices 4 downloading from MCP 7. Themore client devices 4 that are downloading media content from MCP 7 atthe same time translates into a high bandwidth utilization. Similarly,the fewer client devices 4 that are downloading media content from MCP 7at the same times translates into a low bandwidth utilization. MCP 7 maybe an enterprise or other organization. For example, MCP 7 may be acorporation that runs a web site that allows users to post and sharevideo clips.

MCP 7 includes media server 5. The media content is stored as a mediaasset in media server 5. As used in this disclosure, a “media asset” isa set of media data (e.g., a media file) that each one of client devices4 can download and play back via a media player. Example media assetsinclude video clips, audio clips, movies, live audio streams, live videostreams, teleconference streams, telephone streams, digital cinemafeeds, and other types of media. Examples of media players includeWindows Media Player™ or Silverlight™ from Microsoft Corporation ofRedmond, Wash., Quicktime™ from Apple Computer of Cupertino, Calif., andFlash Video™ from Adobe Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif.

Network 8 may be a wide variety of different types of networks. Forexample, network 8 may be the Internet, a content delivery network, awide-area network, or another type of network. In some situations, MCP 7does not own or control network 8. In such situations, service provider3 owns and controls network 8. MCP 7 makes contracts with serviceprovider 3 to allow MCP 7 to provide media assets to client devices 4via network 8 and possibly one or more additional intermediate networks.For example, MCP 7 makes contract to lease network line 11. In return,service provider 3 charges MCP 7 money for use of network 8. Serviceprovider 3 may charge MCP 7 based on the overall bandwidth utilizationof network 8 by MCP 7, i.e. service provider 3 charges MCP 7 based onthe overall bandwidth utilization of network link 9 by MCP 7. Generally,service provider 3 charges MCP 7 a higher price for high bandwidthutilization, and a lower price for low bandwidth utilization. In oneexample, network 8 represents one or more high-speed network accesslinks or other network connections provided and maintained by serviceprovider 3 and leased by MCP 7.

Service provider 3 may charge MCP 7 based on the “95/5” rule. Inaccordance with the 95/5 rule, service provider 3 determines the overallbandwidth utilization over network link 9 by MCP 7 at certain timeintervals over a billing period. As a first example, service provider 3determines the number of bits transmitted by MCP 7 during a 5 minuteinterval. Service provider 3 divides the number of bits transmitted byMCP 7 during the 5 minute interval by 5 minutes to determine an overallbandwidth utilization by MCP 7. Service provider 3 then stores thedetermined overall bandwidth utilization as one sample. Service provider3 repeats this step every 5 minutes over a billing period. A billingperiod may be a month of time. As a second example, every 5 minutesservice provider 3 determines the number of bits transmitted during thelast second. Service provider 3 multiplies the determined number oftransmitted bits by 300 to estimate the number of bits transmittedduring a 5 minute interval (300 seconds in 5 minutes). Service provider3 divides the estimated number of bits transmitted during a 5 minuteinterval by 5 minutes to calculate a sample of the overall bandwidthutilization during the 5 minute interval. Service provider 3 repeatsthis step every 5 minutes over a billing period, i.e. a month.Generally, service provider 3 performs the steps of the first example.In either example, service provider 3 then uses the samples of theoverall bandwidth utilization to identify the 95^(th) percentile of theoverall bandwidth utilization. Service provider 3 charges MCP 7 based onthe bandwidth utilization of the identified 95^(th) percentile.

For example, assume service provider 3 charges MCP 7 monthly. Over a 30day period, service provider 3 samples the overall bandwidth utilizationof MCP 7 every 5 minutes. This yields to 8640 samples of the overallbandwidth utilization (30 days multiplied by 24 hours per day multipliedby 60 minutes per hour divided by 5 minutes per sample). Serviceprovider 3 disregards 432 samples that correspond to when MCP 7 had thehighest overall bandwidth utilization (8640 multiplied by 0.05). Serviceprovider 3 determines the highest overall bandwidth utilization in theremaining 8208 samples, i.e. the 95^(th) percentile, (8640 samples minus432 samples) and charges MCP 7 based on the determined highest overallbandwidth utilization in the remaining 8208 samples, i.e. the 95^(th)percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization. The sample rate of 5minutes and the time period of 30 days is just one example. Serviceprovider 3 may sample the overall bandwidth utilization at differenttime intervals and the time period may be different as well. Also the95/5 rule is one example; service provider 3 may have a differentcontract with MCP 7. For example, service provider 3 may charge MCP 7based on the 90^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilizationinstead of the 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization.For clarity and ease of description, the various embodiments describedherein will be based on the 95/5 rule where service provider 3 samplesthe overall bandwidth utilization every 5 minutes and the billing periodis one month.

Each one of client devices 4 downloads a media asset via network 8. Todownload a media asset each one of client devices 4 may output a requestfor the media asset to delivery information server 10. The request mayspecify a resource identifier of the media asset. For example, each oneof client devices 4 outputs a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) requestthat specifies a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) of the media asset.Delivery information server 10 may or may not be operated by MCP 7. Forexample, delivery information server 10 may be operated by a thirdparty. In other words, delivery information server 10 may be operated bya service that is independent of MCP 7.

Delivery information server 10 may be configured to implement a datatransfer policy established by MCP 7. The data transfer policy mayindicate a desired overall bandwidth utilization for a billing period.As one example, a data transfer policy may indicate that MCP 7 wants tomaintain an overall bandwidth utilization of 100 mega-bits per secondfor the billing period. There may be other types of data transferpolicies as well. Other examples of data transfer policies are describedin more detail below.

It is important to reiterate that service provider 3 will charge MCP 7at the 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilizationregardless of the 94^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidthutilization. Traditionally, this may require MCP 7 to pay a very highprice without any benefit. For example, assume that for 28 days out ofthe 30 days the overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 was 1 mega-bitper second per day. For 2 days out of the 30 days the overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 was 100 mega-bits per second per day due to a lotof client devices 4 downloading from MCP 7 at the same time. In thosetwo days when MCP 7 was utilizing bandwidth of 100 mega-bits per second,service provider 3 took 576 samples, assuming service provider 3 tooksamples every 5 minutes. After service provider 3 disregards the 432highest overall bandwidth utilization samples, i.e. disregards the5^(th) percentile, there are still 144 samples that correspond to anoverall bandwidth utilization of 100 mega-bits per second. Therefore,the 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization during the30 day period is 100 mega-bits per second.

In this example, service provider 3 will charge MCP 7 based on anoverall bandwidth utilization of 100 mega-bits per second even thoughfor 28 days out of the 30 days MCP 7 only utilized bandwidth of 1mega-bit per second. MCP 7 could have utilized bandwidth of 100mega-bits per second for the entire billing period without incurring anyadditional costs.

In one example embodiment of the invention, MCP 7 transmits media assetsto client devices 4 such that the 95^(th) percentile of the overallbandwidth utilization is less than some desired overall bandwidthutilization during the billing period of service provider 3. Forexample, MCP 7 may only want to pay service provider 3 the chargeassociated with bandwidth utilization of 2 giga-bits per second for thebilling period. In such an example embodiment, MCP 7 will transmit amedia asset to client devices 4 such that the 95^(th) percentile ofoverall bandwidth utilization is less than or equal to 2 giga-bits persecond for the billing period. Delivery information server 10 may storethe transfer policy that the overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 willbe less than or equal to 2 giga-bits per second.

In another example embodiment of the invention, MCP 7 may estimate the95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization for a givenperiod of time. The estimated 95^(th) percentile may be the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization. In such embodiments, MCP 7 transmits amedia asset to client devices 4 such that the 95^(th) percentile of theoverall bandwidth utilization for the billing period is less than orequal to the desired overall bandwidth utilization. MCP 7 may estimatethe 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization for thebilling period based on various factors such as the historical 95^(th)percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization or some predictablefuture event that will require a certain overall bandwidth utilizationover a period of time.

For example, assuming a billing period of one month, MCP 7 may estimatethat for 20 days out of the month the overall bandwidth utilization willbe 1 giga-bit per second, and for 10 days out of the month the overallbandwidth utilization will be 2 giga-bits per second. In this example,the estimated 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilizationwill be 2 giga-bits per second. This is because after service provider 3disregards the highest 5^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidthutilization, the 95^(th) percentile will be 2 giga-bits per second. Insuch an example embodiment, MCP 7 transmits a media asset to clientdevices 4 such that the overall bandwidth utilization is greater than 1giga-bit per second, but less than or equal to 2 giga-bits per second,during the 20 days that MCP 7 estimated that the bandwidth utilizationwill be 1 giga-bit per second. This is because MCP 7 will not incur anyadditional costs by transmitting media assets such that the overallbandwidth utilization is higher than 1 mega-bit per second, but lessthan or equal to 2 giga-bits per second, since the estimated costincurred by MCP 7 will be based on the 2 giga-bits per second overallbandwidth utilization that MCP 7 estimated for the 10 days out of themonth. Delivery information server 10 may store the estimated transferpolicy for MCP 7.

In yet another example embodiment, MPC 7 transmits media assets based onan overall bandwidth utilization established during the billing period.For example, assuming a one month billing period, for the first 10 daysof the month MPC 7 had an overall bandwidth utilization of 1 giga-bitper second. During the 11^(th) and 12^(th) days of the month, a lot ofclient devices 4 downloaded a media asset from MPC 7 requiring MPC 7 totransmit media assets such that the overall bandwidth utilization was at2 giga-bits per second. For the remaining 18 days of the billing period,MPC 7 will transmit media assets to client devices 4 such that theoverall bandwidth utilization is at least 2 giga-bits per second becausethe charge for the billing period will already be set by day 11 and 12and MPC7 incurs no additional costs by maintaining an overall bandwidthutilization of 2 giga-bits per second. In this example, if only on day11 of the billing period the overall bandwidth utilization increased to2 giga-bits per second, MPC 7 may not transmit media assets such thatthe overall bandwidth utilization is 2 giga-bits per second for theremaining days of the billing period. This is because the 2 giga-bitsper second bandwidth utilization for just one day will not set the pricefor the entire billing period.

In different embodiments, MPC 7 transmits media assets that are encodedfor different playback rates to generate the desired overall bandwidthutilization. The playback rate is defined as the rate at which a mediaplayer on each one of client devices 4 displays the media asset. Themedia assets comprise substantially similar media content but are playedback by the media player at different playback rates. Media assets thatcomprise the same media content but are encoded for different playbackrates require MPC 7 to consume different amounts of bandwidth totransmit the media assets as described in more detail below. Mediaassets that are encoded for higher playback rates but comprise the samemedia content require MPC 7 to utilize more bandwidth for transmissionthan media assets that are encoded for lower playback rates. Asdescribed in more detail below, in some non-limiting examples, deliveryinformation server 10 selects the version of the media asset that mediaserver 5 should transmit. By selecting media assets that are encoded fordifferent playback rates, MPC 7 can adjust the amount of bandwidthutilization.

MPC 7 may calculate the bandwidth that is required to transmit thevarious media assets after the media assets are compressed. In someexamples, after a media asset is encoded for a certain playback rate,the media asset may be further encoded before the media asset istransmitted. The additional encoding may compress the media asset. Ifthere are minimal visual changes in a portion of the media asset, wellknown compression techniques may be capable of greatly compressing themedia content. For example, 5 mega-bits of media content for minimalvisual changes may be compressed to 1 mega-bit of media content.Conversely, if there are rapid visual changes in a portion of the mediaasset, that portion of the media asset may not compress as well. Forexample, 5 mega-bits of media content for rapid visual changes may onlycompress to 4 mega-bits.

MCP 7 may determine the bandwidth required to transmit the various mediaassets. As described above, media assets encoded for higher playbackrates require more bandwidth for transmission than media assets encodedfor lower playback rates that comprise the same media content. Inaccordance with this disclosure, MCP 7 selects media assets fortransmission to client devices 4 that are encoded for different playbackrates to control the bandwidth MCP 7 utilizes.

There may be other techniques to calculate the bandwidth required totransmit the media assets for uninterrupted playback. As describedabove, to calculate the bandwidth required to transmit a media asset,MCP 7 divides the total number of bits by the playback duration of themedia asset. In some other examples, MCP 7 may divide the media assetsinto various portions and determine the bandwidth necessary to transmitthe various portions of the media asset. This technique is described inmore detail below.

It is important to differentiate the playback rate from a transfer rate.The transfer rate is the average rate measured in bits per second atwhich each one of client devices 4 is downloading media assets frommedia server 5. Playback rate is the rate at which a media player ineach one of the client devices 4 displays the media asset. Similarly, itis important to differentiate the bandwidth required to transmit themedia assets and the playback rate of the media assets. Again, theplayback rate of the media assets is the rate at which the media playerdisplays the media asset. The bandwidth required to transmit the mediaasset is the number of bits per second of the media asset that mediaserver 5 transmits.

The media player executing on each one of client devices 4 receives themedia assets and decodes the media assets. After decoding, the mediaplayer plays the media assets at their specified playback rates.However, the bandwidth required to receive the media assets may bedifferent than the playback rate.

To reiterate, MPC 7 stores a plurality of media assets that each containsubstantially similar media content but are encoded for differentplayback rates. As shown in FIG. 1, media server 5 stores a plurality ofmedia assets 6A-6N (collectively media assets 6). Each one of mediaassets 6 includes substantially similar content. However, media server 5utilizes different amounts of bandwidth to transmit each one of mediaassets 6. In other words, each one of media assets 6 are encoded in amanner that require different amounts of bandwidth for media server 5 totransmit them. Media assets 6 that are encoded for higher playback ratesmay require media server 5 to utilize more bandwidth to transmit thosemedia assets 6 compared to media assets 6 that are encoded for lowerplayback rates. For example, media asset 6A is encoded in a manner thatrequires media server 5 to utilize an average of 1 Mbps to transmitmedia asset 6A. Media asset 6B is encoded in a manner that requiresmedia server 5 to utilize an average of 2 Mbps to transmit media asset6B, as one example. A media asset that is encoded for a high playbackrate requires more data bits that MCP 7 needs to transmit as compared toa media asset that is encoded for a low playback rate. This is becausethe number of bits that need to be transferred in order to represent onesecond of playback for a high playback rate media asset may be greaterthan the number of bits that need to be transferred in order torepresent one second of playback for a low playback rate media asset. Insome embodiments, a media asset that is encoded for a high playback rateprovides higher quality video content compared to a media asset that isencoded for a low playback rate.

In the context of video, each of media assets 6 typically contains aplurality of video frames encoded in accordance with a video compressionscheme. One type of frame is referred to as a key frame or intra picturethat can be decoded without reference to other frames and may, forexample, provide an entire encoded picture. The term “key frame” is usedherein to generally refer to this type of frame within an encoded mediastream. In the context of H.264 coding, key frames are referred to as“i-frames.” Between each key frame are predicted pictures orbi-predicted pictures that generally contain image data and motionvector displacements that are relative to the previous key frame in themedia file.

In some examples, after media server 5 calculates the bandwidth requiredto transmit the versions of the media assets encoded for differentplayback rates, media server 5 may provide the data regarding thebandwidth required to transmit each version of the media asset todelivery information server 10. Delivery information server 10 thenstores the bandwidth requirement information. Alternatively, deliveryinformation server 10 calculates the bandwidth required to transmit eachversion of the media asset similar to techniques described above withrespect to media server 5.

When delivery information server 10 receives a request from one ofclient devices 4 that indicates a media asset, delivery informationserver 10 may, in response to the request, determine how much bandwidthMCP 7 can utilize without violating the overall bandwidth utilizationpolicy. Delivery information server 10 then selects a version of themedia asset from the plurality of media assets 6 such that when MCP 7transfers the version of the media asset, the overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 substantially meets the conditions of the desiredtransfer policy. After delivery information server 10 selects theversion of the media asset, delivery information server 10 may cause MCP7 to transfer the selected version of the media asset. Deliveryinformation server 10 may cause MCP 7 to transfer the selected versionof the media asset in a variety of ways. For example, deliveryinformation server 10 may send a message to one of client devices 4, forexample client device 4A, that directly or indirectly indicates theplayback rate of the selected version of the media asset. When clientdevice 4A receives the message from delivery information server 10,client device 4A may cause network 8 to output a request to media server5 for a version of the media asset having the selected playback rate.For example, delivery information server 10 may send a message to clientdevice 4A that specifies the selected playback rate, thereby directlyindicating the selected playback rate. In this example, client device 4Amay send a request to media server 5 that specifies a resourceidentifier of the media asset and the selected playback rate. In anotherexample, delivery information server 10 may send a message to clientdevice 4A that specifies a resource identifier associated with a versionof the media asset having the selected playback rate.

In an alternative implementation, one of client devices 4, for exampleclient device 4B, may output a request for the media asset to mediaserver 5. The request may specify a resource identifier of the mediaasset. When media server 5 receives the request, media server 5 may senda request to delivery information server 10 for information regardinghow much bandwidth media server 5 can utilize without violating theoverall bandwidth utilization policy. Delivery information server 10 maytransmit back to media server 5 information regarding the amount ofbandwidth media server 5 can utilize. Media server 5 may then select aversion of the media asset based on the bandwidth that media server 5can utilize without violating the overall bandwidth utilization policy.Media server 5 may select the version of the media asset encoded for acertain playback rate such that the bandwidth required to transfer theselected version does not violate the overall bandwidth utilizationpolicy. Media server 5 may then send a version of the requested mediaasset having the selected playback rate to client device 4B.

FIG. 2A is a timing diagram illustrating one example of MCP 7transmitting different versions of media assets 6 that are encoded fordifferent playback rates to generate a desired overall bandwidthutilization. As described above, media assets 6 that are encoded fordifferent playback rates require MCP 7 to utilize different amounts ofbandwidth to transmit the media assets to achieve real-time playbackwithout interruption. For example, referring back to FIG. 1, assumemedia asset 6A and media asset 6B are encoded for different playbackrates. Further assume media asset 6A is encoded in a manner thatrequires media server 5 to utilize 1 Mbps of bandwidth to transmit mediaasset 6A and media asset 6B is encoded in a manner that requires mediaserver 5 to utilize 2 Mbps of bandwidth to transmit media asset 6B. Theoverall bandwidth utilization of media server 5 is the sum of thebandwidths of the media assets that are currently being transmitted.Keeping with the previous example, if media server 5 is simultaneouslytransmitting only media asset 6A and media asset 6B, then the overallbandwidth utilization of media server 5 is 3 Mbps during thetransmission of media assets 6A and 6B.

As shown in FIG. 2A, bandwidth utilization 14 is one example of anoverall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 in a traditional system.Bandwidth utilization 16 is one example of an overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 according to one embodiment of the invention.Bandwidth utilization 14 and bandwidth utilization 16 are just oneexample. Bandwidth utilization 14 and bandwidth utilization 16 areprovided for illustration and clarity purposes. Bandwidth utilization 14and bandwidth utilization 16 may be different in different embodiments.As shown in FIG. 2A, the 95^(th) percentile of the maximum desiredoverall bandwidth utilization (MDOBU) is labeled as MDOBU. Forillustrative purposes, assume that MDOBU is 150 mega-bits per second.

In the traditional system shown by bandwidth utilization 14, from dayone of the billing period to day fifteen of the billing period (T1)assume there are 100 client devices 4 each downloading media assets fromMCP 7. Client devices 4 are downloading media assets so that the overallbandwidth utilization of MCP 7 is 100 mega-bits per second. Then on dayfifteen to day twenty-five (T2) 200 client devices 4 started downloadingmedia assets from MCP 7 such that the overall bandwidth utilizationincreased to 200 mega-bits per second. Subsequently, from daytwenty-five to thirty (T3), there are only 100 client devices 4downloading from MCP 7 such that the overall bandwidth utilization is100 mega-bits per second.

In the traditional system, MCP 7 will be charged based on an overallbandwidth utilization of 200 mega-bits per second. The 95^(th)percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization will be 200 mega-bitsper second during the billing period because service provider 3 wouldhave taken more than 432 samples of the overall bandwidth utilizationwhen the overall bandwidth utilization was 200 mega-bits per second. Toreiterate the calculation for the 95^(th) percentile, during the 30 daybilling period, service provider 3 sampled the overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 8640 times. The highest overall bandwidthutilization occurred during the entire duration of T2, i.e. 10 days.During T2, service provider 3 sampled the overall bandwidth utilizationof MCP 7 2880 times. Disregarding 432 samples that correspond to thehighest overall bandwidth utilization, there are still 2448 samples ofthe 8208 remaining samples that correspond to an overall bandwidthutilization of 200 mega-bits per second. Therefore the highest overallbandwidth utilization corresponding to the remaining 8208 samples is 200mega-bits per second, and MCP 7 will have to pay service provider 3 thecharge associated with 200 mega-bits per second.

However, as noted above, MCP 7 desired to limit the 95^(th) percentileof the overall bandwidth utilization to 150 mega-bits per second becauseMCP 7 did not want to pay more than the charge associated with abandwidth utilization of 150 mega-bits per second. The charge associatedwith the 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization of 150mega-bits per second may be less than the charge associated with the95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization of 200 mega-bitsper second. Therefore in the traditional system, MCP 7 was required topay more than it desired.

Bandwidth utilization 16 shows one example of the overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 according to one embodiment of the invention. Asbefore, during T1 there are a 100 client devices 4 attempting todownload media assets 6 from MCP 7. In this example embodiment, each oneof client devices 4 transmits a request to delivery information server10 to download the media content. As noted above, each one of mediaassets 6 includes the same media content, however, each one of mediaassets 6 may be played back at different playback rates. Furthermore,MCP 7 utilizes different amounts of bandwidth to transmit differentversions of media assets 6. Delivery information server 10 determinesthat MCP 7 wants to maintain 150 mega-bits per second as the 95^(th)percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization (MDOBU) based on thedelivery transfer policy stored within delivery information server 10.Delivery information server 10 will select versions of media assets 6for the 100 client devices 4 such that when MCP 7 transmits the versionsof media assets 6 to the 100 client devices 4, the overall bandwidthutilization meets the conditions of the delivery transfer policy, i.e.do not exceed 150 mega-bits per second.

During T2, there are 200 client devices 4 attempting to download mediaassets. Delivery information server 10 will select versions of mediaassets 6 for each one of the 200 client devices 4 such that when MCP 7transmits the versions of media assets 6 to each one of the 200 clientdevices 4, the overall bandwidth utilization is equal to 150 mega-bitsper second. During T3, there are 100 client devices 4 attempting todownload media assets. Similar to T1 and T2, delivery information server10 will select versions of media assets 6 for each one of the 100 clientdevices 4 such that when MCP 7 transmits the versions of media assets 6to each one of the 100 client devices 4, the overall bandwidthutilization does not exceed 150 mega-bits per second.

In this manner, the 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidthutilization will not be greater than 150 mega-bits per second. Serviceprovider 3 will charge MCP 7 based on the overall bandwidth utilizationthat is less than or equal to 150 mega-bits per second. In thisembodiment, MCP 7 saves money compared to the traditional system becausein accordance with the invention, MCP 7 pays service provider 3 based ona bandwidth utilization of 150 mega-bits per second. While in thetraditional system MCP 7 would have paid based on a bandwidthutilization of 200 mega-bits per second.

FIG. 2B is another timing diagram illustrating another example of MCP 7transmitting different versions of media assets 6 that are encoded fordifferent playback rates to generate a desired overall bandwidthutilization. As shown in FIG. 2B, estimate bandwidth utilization 18 isan example of an estimate of the overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7over a billing period. Estimate bandwidth utilization 18 may beestimated by MCP 7 by various techniques. For example, MCP 7 takes anaverage of the overall bandwidth utilization for the previous billingperiods and estimates the bandwidth utilization of the current billingperiod based on the historical overall bandwidth utilization. As anotherexample, MCP 7 has knowledge of some subsequent event that will requirea large overall bandwidth utilization. For example, MCP 7 plans onproviding media content that it predicts will be viewed by many clientdevices 4, and estimates that its overall bandwidth utilization willneed to increase to allow client devices 4 to view the media content.

As shown in FIG. 2B, MCP 7 predicts that from day 20 to day 30 (T4) ofthe billing period, the overall bandwidth utilization will be thehighest. Therefore, the estimated charge for the billing period will beset by the estimated overall bandwidth utilization during T4. Deliveryinformation server 10 may store as the delivery transfer policy theestimated overall bandwidth utilization. Since the charge for thebilling period will be set by the bandwidth utilization during T4, inone embodiment, delivery information server 10 causes MCP 7 to transmitversions of the media assets 6 to client devices 4 during day 1 to day20 such that the overall bandwidth utilization is less than or equal tothe estimated overall bandwidth utilization during T4, as shown bybandwidth utilization 20. Delivery information server 10 will selectversions of media assets 6 for each one of client devices 4 such thatwhen MCP 7 transmits the versions of media assets 6 to each one clientdevices 4, the overall bandwidth utilization is less than or equal tothe estimated overall bandwidth utilization. In this manner, each one ofclient devices 4 downloads media assets that provide better visualquality compared to the traditional system, and MCP 7 incurs noadditional costs.

FIG. 2C is another timing diagram illustrating another example of MCP 7transmitting different versions of media assets 6 that are encoded fordifferent playback rates to generate a desired overall bandwidthutilization. As shown in FIG. 2C, bandwidth utilization 22 is oneexample of an overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 in a traditionalsystem. Bandwidth utilization 24 is one example of an overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 according to one embodiment of the invention.Bandwidth utilization 22 and bandwidth utilization 24 are just oneexample. Bandwidth utilization 22 and bandwidth utilization 24 areprovided for illustration and clarity purposes. Bandwidth utilization 22and bandwidth utilization 24 may be different in different embodiments.

According to the traditional system as shown by bandwidth utilization22, MCP 7 will change the overall bandwidth utilization based on thenumber of client devices 4 attempting to download from MCP 7. Forexample, the more client devices 4 that are downloading from MCP 7translates into a higher overall bandwidth utilization and the fewerclient devices 4 that are downloading from MCP 7 translates into a loweroverall bandwidth utilization. For purposes of illustration, assume thatthe 95^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization is set bythe overall bandwidth utilization during the duration of T6. Therefore,MCP 7 will pay based on the charge associated with the overall bandwidthutilization during the duration of T6.

In one example embodiment of the invention, MCP 7 will increase theoverall bandwidth utilization for the remainder of the billing periodwhen delivery information server 10 determines that there are enoughsamples of the overall bandwidth utilization to define the highest5^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization. MCP 7 willincrease the overall bandwidth utilization to at least the bandwidthutilization that defines the highest 5^(th) percentile for the remainderof the billing period. Delivery information server 10 may track theoverall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 to determine when enough sampleshave been taken to define the highest 5^(th) percentile of the overallbandwidth utilization. For example, delivery information server 10 maysample the overall bandwidth utilization substantially similar toservice provider 3. The data transfer policy stored in deliveryinformation server 10 may include information about the technique usedby service provider 3 to sample the overall bandwidth utilization.

As shown by bandwidth utilization 24, between day 5 and 7 (T5) of thebilling period, the overall bandwidth utilization increased due to manyclient devices 4 downloading from MCP 7 at the same time. The overallbandwidth utilization during T5 will set the charge that MCP 7 needs topay service provider 3 if the overall bandwidth utilization does notincrease. In accordance with the invention, delivery information server10 will cause MCP 7 to provide versions of media assets 6 to clientdevices 4 such that the overall bandwidth utilization for the remainderof the billing period is at least the overall bandwidth utilizationduring T5.

In some instances, the overall bandwidth utilization may need to begreater than the overall bandwidth utilization during T5. As furthershown by bandwidth utilization 24, between day 20 and 25 (T6) of thebilling period, the overall bandwidth utilization increased again due tomany more client devices 4 downloading from MCP 7 at the same time. Theoverall bandwidth utilization during T6 will set the charge that MCP 7needs to pay service provider 3 if the overall bandwidth utilizationdoes not increase. In accordance with the invention, deliveryinformation server 10 will cause MCP 7 to provide versions of mediaassets 6 to client devices 4 such that the overall bandwidth utilizationfor the remainder of the billing period is at least the overallbandwidth utilization during T6.

FIG. 3 is an example embodiment of various components of deliveryinformation server 10. As illustrated in the example of FIG. 3, deliveryinformation server 10 includes a network interface 26 that facilitatescommunication between delivery information server 10 and network 8.Network interface 26 may be an Ethernet interface, a WiFi interface, aWiMax interface, a fiber optic interface, or another type of networkinterface.

Network interface 26 may receive, via network 8, a request forinformation that indicates a playback rate of a media asset. Forinstance, network interface 26 may receive a request from each one ofclient devices 4, via network 8, for a URL associated with a version ofthe media asset. In another instance, network interface 40 may receive arequest from media server 5, via network 8, for a playback rate of themedia asset.

When network interface 26 receives the request, network interface 26 mayprovide the request to a version selection module (VSM) 28. Uponreceiving the request, VSM 28 may select a version of a media assetindicated by the request. VSM 28 selects a version of the media assetfrom the versions of the media assets 6 based on a data transfer policystored in data transfer policy module 30.

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 3, a data transfer policy module30 may store data transfer policies of MCP 7. Data transfer policymodule 30 may store a wide variety of data transfer policies that servea wide variety of business purposes. For example, MCP 7 may wish to keepthe overall bandwidth utilization for the billing period below somedesired overall bandwidth utilization.

In this example, data transfer policy module 30 may store a datatransfer policy of MCP 7 that specifies that the desired bandwidthutilization is equal to the 90^(th) percentile of the sampled bandwidthutilization during the billing period. The desired overall bandwidthutilization may be equal to the 90^(th) percentile in order to reducethe possibility that the actual overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7exceeds the 95^(th) percentile of the actual overall bandwidthutilization. When VSM 28 receives the request, VSM 28 may select aversion of the media asset for each one of client devices 4 such thatwhen MCP 7 transmits the versions of the media assets to client devices4, the anticipated overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 issubstantially equal to the 90^(th) percentile of the sampled overallbandwidth utilization during a transfer period of the version. As aresult, when the anticipated overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 isapproaching the 90^(th) percentile of the MCP's sampled bandwidthutilization for the current billing period, VSM 28 may select versionsof media assets encoded for lower playback rates for subsequent clientdevices 4. This helps to insure that the overall bandwidth utilizationis less than or equal to the desired overall bandwidth utilization.Hence, in this example, when VSM 28 receives the request, VSM 28 mayestimate the current overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 and comparethe current overall bandwidth utilization with the 90^(th) percentile ofthe sampled overall bandwidth utilization. If the current overallbandwidth utilization is significantly less than the 90^(th) percentileof the sampled overall bandwidth utilization, VSM 28 may select aversion of the media asset that is encoded for a highest availableplayback rate. In other words, VSM 28 selects a version of the mediaasset that causes media server 5 to utilize the most amount of bandwidthto achieve uninterrupted playback as compared to the amount of bandwidthmedia server 5 would utilize to transmit any one of the rest of themedia assets. If the current overall bandwidth utilization is close toor exceeds the 95^(th) percentile of the sampled overall bandwidthutilization, VSM 28 may select a version of the media asset that isencoded for a lower playback rate. In other words, VSM 28 selects aversion of the media asset that causes media server 5 to utilize lessbandwidth as compared to the amount of bandwidth media server 5 wouldutilize to transmit the current version of the media asset.

In another example, MCP 7 may estimate the overall bandwidth utilizationfor the billing period based on historical data or some known event inthe future. For example, MCP 7 may estimate that MCP 7 will receive morerequests for media assets at the end of the month than at the beginningof the month. In this example, data transfer policy module 30 may storea data transfer policy that indicates there will be more requests formedia assets at the end of the month that at the beginning of the month.The data transfer policy may also indicate that the 95^(th) percentileof the overall bandwidth utilization is going to be set when MCP 7 ispredicted to receive the most requests for media assets. In thisexample, because data transfer policy indicates that the 95^(th)percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization is going to be setduring the end of the month, VSM 28 may select versions of media assetsthat are encoded for a higher playback rate during the beginning part ofthe month, and select versions of media assets that are encoded for alower playback rate during the ending part of the month. For example,the data transfer policy stored in data transfer policy module 30 mayindicate that from day 1 to 20 the estimated overall bandwidthutilization is 100 mega-bits per second, and from day 21 to 30 theestimated overall bandwidth utilization is 200 mega-bits per second. VSM28 may select versions of media assets 6 such that the overall bandwidthutilization is less than or equal to 200 mega-bits per second for day 1to day 20 since MCP 7 will incur no additional cost by allowingbandwidth utilization at 200 mega-bits per second for day 1 to 20.

In another example, the data transfer policy sets the overall bandwidthutilization to the highest overall bandwidth utilization that definesthe 5^(th) highest percentile of the overall bandwidth utilization thathas already occurred during the billing period. In this example, theoverall bandwidth utilization dynamically changes throughout the billingperiod. If MCP 7 transmits media assets for a long enough period oftime, enough to define the 5^(th) percentile of the overall bandwidthutilization, the data transfer policy will indicate that MCP 7 shouldmaintain at least that overall bandwidth utilization for the remainderof the billing period. Subsequently, if MCP 7 transmits data thatresults in higher bandwidth utilization then previously established fora long enough time to define the 5^(th) highest percentile, the datatransfer policy will indicate that MCP 7 should maintain at least thehigher bandwidth utilization for the remainder of the billing period.

In some embodiments, data transfer policy module 30 also stores anestimate of the number of clients that will download the media asset toaide in determining which version of media assets 6 should betransmitted. VSM 28 divides the desired overall bandwidth utilizationstored in data transfer policy module 30 with the estimated number ofclients that wish to download the media asset to determine the versionof media asset that media server 5 needs to transmit. For example, forthe very first client device 4 that transmits a request to download amedia asset, VSM 28 may divide the desired overall bandwidth utilizationwith the estimated number of clients to calculate an estimation of howmuch bandwidth media server 5 should utilize to transmit the media assetto the very first client device 4 that requested the media asset. VSM 28may then select the version of the media asset encoded for a certainplayback rate such that when media server 5 transmits the selectedversion of the media asset, the bandwidth utilized by media server 5 isapproximately equal to the estimated bandwidth that media server 5should utilize.

MCP 7 may estimate the number of client devices that wish to downloadthe media asset content and output that number to delivery informationserver 10. Delivery information server 10 may store that value withindata transfer policy module 30. The estimate may be generated in aplurality of manners. For example, MCP 7 may base its estimation on thepopularity of the media content. MCP 7 may estimate the number of clientdevices that wish to download the media asset using different techniquesas well such as a historical number of client devices that previouslydownloaded media assets from media server 5.

In some embodiments, data transfer policy module 30 also storescharacteristics of client devices to aid in determining which version ofmedia assets 6 should be transmitted. Data transfer policy module 30 maystore particular zip codes or network addresses for particular Internetservice providers (ISPs). VSM 28 may determine which version of mediaassets 6 needs to be transmitted based on the zip code of the clientdevices 4 or the ISPs of the client devices 4. In some instances, it isdesirable to transmit higher visual quality versions of media assets 6to client devices that are located in a particular zip code, or areusing a particular ISP. As described above, higher visual qualityversions of media assets 6 may be encoded at a higher playback ratecompared to lower visual quality versions of media assets 6. Datatransfer module 30 may store characteristics other than just the zipcode or ISP. VSM 28 may determine which version of media assets 6 needsto be transmitted based on characteristics other than the zip code orISP.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating various exemplary components ofeach one of client devices 4. As noted above, each one of client devices4 may be a wide variety of different types of devices. For example,client devices 4 may be a personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobiletelephone, a personal media player, a device integrated into a vehicle,a network telephone, a network television, a television set-top box, anetwork appliance, or another type of network device.

In the example of FIG. 4, each one of client devices 4 includes anetwork interface 32, a memory 34, a processor 36, and a presentationunit 38. Network interface 32 facilitates communication between one ofclient devices 4 and network 8. Network interface 32 may be a variety ofdifferent types of network interface. For example, network interface 32may be an Ethernet interface, a WiFi interface, a token ring interface,a fiber optic interface, a Bluetooth interface, a Wireless Broadbandinterface, a WiMax interface, or another type of network interface.Memory 34 may be a computer-readable medium such as a Random AccessMemory unit, a disk drive, an optical disc, a floppy disk, a Flashmemory unit, or another type of computer-readable medium. Processor 36may be a microprocessor that includes one or more cores, anapplication-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), co-processor, or anothertype of integrated circuit. Processor 36 may execute instructions storedin memory 34. When processor 36 executes instructions stored in memory34, the instructions may cause processor 36 to perform one or moreactions. Presentation unit 38 may be a computer monitor, a televisionset, an integrated video screen, speakers, digital signage, a videoprojector, or another type of unit capable of presenting media.

In the example of FIG. 4, memory 34 includes a media player 40 and adownload agent 42. Media player 40 and download agent 42 may be sets ofinstructions that, when executed cause processor 36 to perform variousactions. For ease of explanation, when this disclosure states that mediaplayer 40 performs some action or states that download agent 42 performssome action, such phrases may be interpreted to mean that theinstructions of media player 40 cause processor 36 to perform the actionor to mean that the instructions of download agent 42 cause processor 36to perform the action. However, it should be appreciated that in someimplementations, media player 40 and/or download agent 42 may beimplemented at least in part as hardware, in which case media player 40and/or download agent 42 may perform some or all of the actions withoutany action by processor 36. Furthermore, it should be appreciated thatin some implementations media player 40 and download agent 42 may bepart of a common software package. In other words, the functionality ofdownload agent 42 may be incorporated into media player 40.

A user 44 of client device 4 may interact with media player 40 when user44 wants client device 4 to present a media asset. Example commercialmedia player applications include Windows Media Player™ and Silverlight™from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., Quicktime™ from AppleComputer of Cupertino, Calif., and Flash Video™ from Adobe Systems, Inc.of San Jose, Calif. User 44 may directly or indirectly instruct mediaplayer 40 to present a media asset. For example, user 44 may directlyinstruct media player 40 to present a media asset by inputting a UniformResource Locator associated with the media asset into a prompt presentedby media player 40. In a second example, user 44 may indirectly instructmedia player 40 to present a media asset by navigating a web browserapplication to a web page in which the media asset is embedded. In thissecond example, the web browser application may automatically instructmedia player 40 to present the media asset.

When media player 40 is instructed to present a media asset, mediaplayer 40 may directly or indirectly instruct download agent 42 toretrieve the media asset. For example, media player 40 may useinter-process communication to directly instruct download agent 42 toretrieve the media asset. In another example, media player 40 mayinstruct an operating system of client device 4 to retrieve the mediaasset. In this example, the operating system may instruct download agent42 to retrieve the media asset.

When download agent 42 is instructed to retrieve the media asset,download agent 42 may cause network interface 32 to output a playbackrate request to a delivery information server 10 via network 8 (FIG. 1).The request may specify a resource identifier of the media asset. Forexample, download agent 42 may cause network interface 32 to output aHypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) request that specifies a UniformResource Locator (URL) of the media asset.

FIG. 5A is a flowchart illustrating a first example operation of one ofclient devices 4. Initially, media player 40 receives a request fromuser 44 to present a media asset (46). When media player 40 receives therequest to present the media asset, download agent 42 may output arequest to delivery information server 10 for a playback rate of themedia asset (48). Subsequently, client device 4 may receive a messagefrom delivery information server 10 that identifies the playback rate ofthe media asset (50). For example, download agent 42 may receive amessage from delivery information server 10 that includes a URL of aversion of the media asset that has a particular playback rate.

After download agent 42 receives the message that identifies theplayback rate of the media asset, download agent 42 may use the playbackrate to generate a request for the media asset that has the indicatedplayback rate (52). For example, if the message that indicates theplayback rate includes a URL of a version of the media asset, downloadagent 42 may generate an HTTP request that specifies the URL. Afterdownload agent 42 generates the request for the version of the mediaasset that has the indicated playback rate, download agent 42 may outputthe request to media server 5 via network 8 (54).

Subsequently, network interface 32 may receive data in the version ofthe media asset that has the indicated playback rate via network 8 (56).As network interface 32 receives data in the version of the media asset,download agent 42 may provide the data in the version of the media assetto media player 40 (58). When media player 40 receives data in theversion of the media asset, media player 40 may cause presentation unit38 to present the version of the media asset (60).

FIG. 5B is a flowchart illustrating a second example operation of clientdevice 4. Initially, media player 40 receives a request from user 44 topresent a media asset (62). When media player 40 receives the request topresent the media asset, download agent 42 may generate a request forthe media asset (64). For example, download agent 42 may generate anHTTP request that specifies a URL of the media asset. The URL of themedia asset may not be specific to any particular version of the mediaasset. After generating the request for the media asset, download agent42 may output the request for the media asset to media server 5 (66).

Subsequently, network interface 32 may receive data in a version of themedia asset from media server 5 (68). The playback rate of the versionof the media asset may have been selected by media server 5 and deliveryinformation server 10 without any additional acts by client device 4. Asnetwork interface 32 receives the data in the version of the media assetfrom media server 5, download agent 42 may provide the data in theversion of the media asset to media player 40 (70). As media player 42receives the data in the version of the media asset, media player 42 maycause presentation unit 38 to present the data in the media asset (72).

FIG. 6A is a flowchart illustrating a first exemplary operation of mediaserver 5. Media server 5 may perform the exemplary operation illustratedin FIG. 6A when client device 4 performs the exemplary operationillustrated in FIG. 4A.

In the exemplary operation illustrated in FIG. 5A, media server 5 mayinitially receive a request for a specific version of a media asset(74). For instance, media server 5 may receive an HTTP request thatspecifies a resource identifier of a version of the media asset that hasa specific playback rate. After receiving the request, media server 5may output data in the requested version of the media asset to clientdevice 4 via network 8 (76).

FIG. 6B is a flowchart illustrating a second exemplary operation ofmedia server 5. Media server 5 may perform the exemplary operationillustrated in FIG. 6B when client device 4 performs the exemplaryoperation illustrated in FIG. 5B.

Initially, media server 5 receives a request for a media asset (78). Therequest for the media asset may not be specific to any particularversion of the media asset. When media server 5 receives this requestfor the media asset, media server 5 may dynamically identify a versionof the media asset (80).

As illustrated in the example of FIG. 6B, media server 5 may, in oneexemplary implementation, identify the version of the media asset basedon the data transfer policy of MCP 7 by first requesting a playback ratefrom delivery information server 10 (82). Next, media server 5 mayreceive from delivery information server 10 a message that indicates theplayback rate (84). Delivery information server 10 identifies theplayback rate based on the data transfer policy of MCP 7. After mediaserver 5 receives the playback rate from delivery information server 10,media server 5 may identify a version of the media asset that has theindicated playback rate (86). In this way, media server 5 identifies theversion of the media asset. After media server 5 identifies the versionof the media asset, media server 5 may output data of the identifiedversion of the media asset to client device 4 via network 8 (88).

FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary operation of deliveryinformation server 10. Initially, delivery information server 10 mayreceive a request from a plurality of client devices 4 that eachindicate a media asset (90). In addition, the request may indicate ausername of a user and other information.

After delivery information server 10 receives the request, deliveryinformation server 10 may select a version of the media asset for eachone the plurality of client devices (92). Delivery information server 10may select the versions of the media assets such that when MCP 7transmits the versions of the media assets, the overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 is substantially equal to a desired overallbandwidth utilization based on the data transfer policy. As discussedabove, MCP 7 may have a wide variety of data transfer policies thatindicate desired overall bandwidth utilization in order to serve avariety of different business purposes. For instance, a data transferpolicy of MCP 7 may indicate a desired overall bandwidth utilizationthat is constant over the course of a billing period. In this instance,in order to ensure that the overall bandwidth utilization of MCP 7 issubstantially equal to the desired overall bandwidth utilization,delivery information serer 10 may dynamically select versions of mediaassets encoded for lower playback rates during periods of high demandfor data provided by MCP 7 and may dynamically select versions of mediaassets encoded for higher playback rates during period of low demand fordata provided by MCP 7.

When delivery information server 10 selects a version of the media assetfor each one of client devices 4, delivery information server 10 mayoutput a response that explicitly or implicitly indicates the identifiedplayback rate to each one of client devices 4 (94). In this way,delivery information server 10 may cause MCP 7 to transfer the selectedversions of the media assets 6. For example, if the playback rate of theselected version of the media asset is 200 kilo-bits per second forclient device 4A, delivery information server 10 may output a responseto client device 4A that explicitly specifies the playback rate of 200kilo-bits per second. In this example, client device 4A may then send arequest to media server 5 for a version of the media asset having aplayback rate of 200 kilo-bits per second. In another example, deliveryinformation server 10 may output a response that specifies a URL of theselected version of the media asset, thereby implicitly indicating theidentified playback rate.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of VSM 28 when afirst one of client devices 4 requests to download a media asset.Initially, VSM 28 may receive a request for a media asset that needs tobe transmitted to one of client devices 4 (96). VSM 28 determineswhether this is the first request for a media asset (98). If this is notthe first request (NO of 98), i.e., there are other client devices 4currently downloading from media server 5, VSM 28 proceeds to the stepsshown in FIG. 9 (100). If this is the first request (YES of 98), VSM 28queries data storage policy module 30 to determine whether there is anestimate of the number of clients that wish to download media assets 6(102). If there is no estimate of the number of clients that wish todownload media assets 6 (NO of 102), VSM 28 queries data storage policymodule 30 to determine whether there are particular clientcharacteristics that VSM 28 should take into account when deciding whichone of media assets 6 needs to be transmitted (104). If there are nostored characteristics, VSM 28 arbitrarily selects one version of mediaassets 6 as the version that should be transmitted by media server 5(106). In one embodiment, VSM 28 selects the version of media assets 6that is encoded at a middle playback rate. For example, if there arethree versions of media assets 6, a first media asset encoded for aplayback rate of 10 mega-bits per second, a second media asset encodedfor a playback rate 20 mega-bits per second, and a third media assetencoded for a playback rate 30 mega-bits per second, VSM 28 will selectthe media asset encoded for a 20 mega-bit per second playback rate.

If there is no estimate of the number of clients that will downloadversions of media assets 6, but there are client characteristics (YES of104). VSM 28 determines which version of media assets 6 should betransmitted based on the client characteristics (108). For example, ifthe request came from a client device that is located at a zip code thatdata transfer policy module 30 indicates as an area where high qualitymedia content should be transmitted, VSM 28 may select the version ofmedia assets 6 that is encoded for the highest playback rate.Contrarily, if the request came from a client device that is located ata zip code that data transfer policy module indicates as an area wherelow quality media content should be transmitted, VSM 28 may select theversion of media assets 6 that is encoded for the lowest playback rate.In some embodiments, data storage policy module 30 indicates whichversion of media assets 6 should be transmitted for a given clientcharacteristic. In such embodiments, VSM 28 selects the version of mediaassets 6 that corresponds to the indicated version of media assets 6.

If there is an estimate of the number of clients that will downloadversions of media assets 6 (YES of 102), VSM 28 determines whether datatransfer policy module 30 also includes client characteristicinformation (110). If client characteristics are available (YES of 110),VSM 28 determines which version of media assets 6 should be transmittedbased on the estimate of the number of clients that will download themedia asset and client characteristics (114). For example, VSM 28 maydivide desired overall bandwidth utilization, stored in data transferpolicy module 30, by the estimated number of clients that will downloadthe media asset to generate an approximate bandwidth utilization value.VSM 28 may then determine which version of the media assets requires MCP7 to utilize bandwidth that is equal to the approximate bandwidthutilization value. VSM 28 may then identify the playback rate of thedetermined version of the media asset. VSM 28 may then check the clientcharacteristics. Based on the client characteristics, VSM 28 may selectthe version of media assets 6 that is encoded for a playback rate thatis greater or less than the playback rate selected based on the divisionof the desired overall transfer rate and the estimated number ofclients. For example, if there are five versions of media assets 6, thefirst one encoded for 1 mega-bit per second, the second one encoded for2 mega-bits per second, the third one encoded for 3 mega-bits persecond, the fourth one encoded for 4 mega-bits per second, and the fifthone encoded for 5 mega-bits per second. Assume that based on theestimated number of clients, VSM 28 determined that media server 5should transmit the media asset encoded for a playback rate of 3mega-bits per second. VSM 28 may select the 4 mega-bits per secondversion of media assets 6 for client devices whose characteristicindicate that they should receive higher visual quality versions ofmedia content, and select the 2 mega-bits per second version of mediaassets 6 for client devices whose characteristics indicate that theyshould receive lower visual quality versions of media content. Theprevious example is just one possible technique that VSM 28 may utilizeto determine which version of media assets 6 should be transmitted.There may be other possible techniques as well.

If there is an estimate of the number of clients that will downloadversions of media assets 6, but there are no client characteristics (NOof 110), VSM 28 determines which version of media assets 6 should betransmitted based only on the estimated number of clients (112). Forexample, VSM 28 may divide the desired overall bandwidth utilization bythe estimated number of client that will download versions of the mediaasset to generate an approximate bandwidth utilization value. VSM 28 maythen determine which version of the media assets requires MCP 7 toutilize bandwidth that is equal to the approximate bandwidth utilizationvalue. VSM 28 may then identify the playback rate of the determinedversion of the media asset.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of VSM 28 whenthe desired overall bandwidth utilization indicates a maximum overallbandwidth utilization. As described above, the maximum overall bandwidthutilization may be set based on a charge that MCP 7 is willing to pay ormay be based on an estimate of the overall bandwidth utilization duringa billing period.

In the example operation shown in FIG. 9, one or more client devices 4are currently downloading from media server 5. VSM 28 receives a requestto download the media content of media assets 6 from one of clientdevices 4, such as client device 4A (116). VSM 28 then estimates atransfer period to transmit a version of media assets 6 (118). Thetransfer period is an estimate of the length of time it would take mediaserver 5 to transmit one of media assets 6. It is important to note thatthe transfer time for a version of media assets 6 is not controlled bymedia server 5 or delivery information server 10. Media server 5 canonly transmit media assets that are encoded for different playbackrates. The time it takes for each one of client devices 4 to downloadthe media asset, i.e. transfer period, is wholly controlled by theclient devices and their respective ISPs. Therefore, VSM 28 can onlyestimate the transfer period for a media asset, and cannot determinewith certainty what the transfer period will be.

VSM 28 may estimate the transfer period in various manners. For example,in one embodiment, VSM 28 is preprogrammed with some estimate for thetransfer period for media assets 6. In another embodiment, VSM 28estimates the transfer period based on historical client devices'download behavior. For example, VSM 28 gathers historical informationregarding the length of time between when client devices requested todownload a media asset and when the client devices terminated theirdownload from media server 5. Some client devices 4 download the entiremedia asset and then terminate their connection. However, there may besome client devices 4 that terminate their connection before downloadingthe entire media asset. This may be because the media content is notentertaining or interesting. Also, as noted above each one of clientdevices 4 may take different amounts of time to download a media asset.VSM 28 may gather all this information and take an average to estimatethe transfer period for media assets 6. VSM 28 may continually calculateand update an estimate of the transfer period based on the downloadbehavior of client devices 4.

After estimating the transfer period, VSM 28 estimates the committedoverall bandwidth utilization during the estimated transfer period(120). A committed overall bandwidth utilization for a transfer periodis an overall bandwidth utilization at which media server 5 is committedto transferring previously requested media assets. The committed overallbandwidth utilization may be different at different times during thetransfer period. For example, when client device 4A first transmitted arequest to download a media asset, the committed overall bandwidthutilization may be 200 mega-bits per second. At a second time during thetransfer of the media asset, media server 5 may have finishedtransmitting media assets to some of client devices 4, thereby reducingthe committed overall bandwidth utilization during the transfer period.It is important to note that the committed overall bandwidth utilizationdoes not take into account potential new client devices that willattempt to download media assets while media server 5 is transmitting amedia asset to client device 4A. For example, during the estimatedtransfer period when media server 5 is transmitting a media asset toclient device 4A, client device 4D, 4G, and 4X may transmit a request todownload media assets 6. The committed overall bandwidth utilizationdoes not take into account these possible new client devices 4 that willattempt to download media assets 6.

Next VSM 28 calculates the uncommitted overall bandwidth utilization(122). The uncommitted overall bandwidth utilization is an overallbandwidth utilization that is substantially equal to the differencebetween the desired overall bandwidth utilization and the committedoverall bandwidth utilization during the transfer period.

Next VSM 28 estimates the number of client devices that will attempt todownload media assets 6 from media server 5 during the transfer period(124). VSM 28 estimates the number of client devices that will attemptto download during the transfer period in various manners. In oneembodiment, VSM 28 tracks the number of client devices 4 that havepreviously requested to download media assets within a given timeinterval. For example, VSM 28 may determine that in the previous 5seconds 1000 client devices 4 requested to download media assets 6.Based on that value, VSM 28 may estimate that in the next 5 seconds itis more than likely that the trend will continue and another 1000 clientdevices 4 will request to download media assets 6. As another example,VSM 28 may determine that there is an overall trend for fewer and fewerclient devices 4 requesting to download media assets 6, so VSM 28 mayestimate the number of client devices 4 that will request to downloadmedia assets 6 during the transfer period based on this trend.Similarly, if the trend is that more and more client devices 4 arerequesting to download media assets 6, VSM 28 may estimate based on thistrend. VSM 28 may use any estimation technique to estimate the number ofclient devices 4 that will request to download media assets 6 during thetransfer period.

Based on the estimation of the number of client devices 4 that willrequest to download media assets 6 during the transfer period and thecommitted overall bandwidth utilization, VSM 28 next estimates themaximum number of client devices 4 that will be downloading media assetsduring the transfer period (126). For example, when calculating thecommitted overall bandwidth utilization, VSM 28 may have determined thatat a first time when client device 4A requested to download media assets6, there were 1000 client devices 4 downloading media assets 6. At asecond time, during the transfer period, VSM 28 may have estimated that250 client devices 4 will terminate their connection with media server 5because they downloaded the entire content, or because the media contentwas not interesting and they terminated their connection withoutcompletely downloading the media asset. VSM 28 may have also estimatedthat at the second time, 750 new client devices 4 will request todownload the media assets. Therefore at the second time, there will be atotal of 1500 client devices 4 (1000−250+750) that will be downloadingmedia assets from media server 5. Similarly, VSM 28 may estimate that ata third time, there will be a total of 500 client devices 4 that will bedownloading media assets, and at a fourth time, there will be a total of2000 client devices 4 that will be downloading media assets.

VSM 28 may estimate the number of client devices 4 that will bedownloading from media server 5 at various intervals within theestimated transfer period. Based on the various estimates at varioustime intervals within the transfer period, VSM 28 determines the maximumnumber of client devices 4 that will be downloading media assets frommedia server 5 during the transfer period. In the previous example, thatwould be at the fourth time interval when VSM 28 estimated that therewill be 2000 client devices 4 downloading media assets.

VSM 28 then identifies a version of media assets 6 that should betransmitted to client device 4A (128). VSM 28 divides the uncommittedoverall bandwidth utilization value, calculated at (122), with themaximum number of client devices 4 that will be downloading media assetsfrom media server 5 during the transfer period to generate anapproximate bandwidth utilization value. VSM 28 may then determine whichversion of the media assets requires MCP 7 to utilize bandwidth that isequal to the approximate bandwidth utilization value. VSM 28 may thenidentify the playback rate of the determined version of the media asset.In some embodiments, delivery information server 10 causes media server5 to transmit the identified version of media assets 6 to client device4A. Alternatively, delivery information serve 10 transmits the URL forthe identified version of media assets 6 to client device 4A. Clientdevice 4A then downloads the identified version of media assets 6 frommedia server 5.

In some embodiments, VSM 28 may perform an additional step of checkingclient characteristics to determine whether a different version of mediaassets 6 should be transmitted to client device 4A (130). For example,if client device 4A is located in a particular zip code or is using aparticular ISP, VSM 28 may select a version of media assets 6 that isencoded at a slightly higher or lower playback rate than the identifiedversion of media assets 6 (132).

After selecting the version of media assets 6, in one embodiment,delivery information sever 10 causes media server 5 to transmit theselected version of media assets 6 to client device 4A (134). In anotherembodiment, delivery information serve 10 transmits the URL for theselected version of media assets 6 to client device 4A. Client device 4Athen downloads the selected version of media assets 6 from media server5.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of data transferpolicy module 30 in embodiments where the desired overall bandwidthutilization of MCP 7 changes over the billing period. As shown in FIG.10, data transfer policy module 30 samples the number of bitstransmitted by MCP 7 similar to the way service provider 3 samples thenumber of bits transmitted by MCP 7 as described above (138). Datatransfer policy module 30 divides the number of bits transmitted by 5minutes to generate an overall bandwidth utilization (140). Datatransfer policy module 30 then determines whether there have been enoughsamples taken at the overall bandwidth utilization to define the 5 ^(th)highest percentile of bandwidth utilization over the billing period(142). For example, data transfer policy module 30 determines whetherthere are 432 samples at a current overall bandwidth utilization, wherethe current bandwidth utilization is greater than the previous overallbandwidth utilization. If there are not enough samples of the currentoverall bandwidth utilization to define the highest 5^(th) percentile(NO of 142), in one embodiment, if there is no set overall bandwidthutilization, data transfer policy module 30 sets the overall bandwidthutilization to some arbitrary bandwidth utilization value (146). Inanother embodiment, if there are not enough samples of the currentoverall bandwidth utilization to define the highest 5^(th) percentile(NO of 142), and there is a previously set overall bandwidthutilization, data transfer policy module 30 sets the overall bandwidthutilization to the previous overall bandwidth utilization (146). Datatransfer policy module 30 then keeps sampling the overall bandwidthutilization. If there are enough samples of the current overallbandwidth utilization to define the highest 5^(th) percentile, datatransfer policy module 30 sets the desired overall bandwidth utilizationto the current overall bandwidth utilization.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example operation of VSM 28 whenthe desired overall bandwidth utilization changes during the billingperiod. VSM 28 may perform the exemplary operation illustrated in FIG.11 when data transfer policy module 30 performs the exemplary operationillustrated in FIG. 10. In the example operation shown in FIG. 11, thedesired overall bandwidth utilization is not some predetermined maximumoverall bandwidth utilization. Instead, the desired bandwidthutilization changes during the billing period. In the example operationshown in FIG. 11, MCP 7 is not particularly concerned about the ratethat service provider 3 will charge. MCP 7 is not willing to pay anycharge and wants to keep the bandwidth utilization at a reasonable rate.

With respect to FIG. 11, steps 146-150 are the same as steps 116-120(FIG. 9). Steps 152 and 154 are the same as steps 124 and 126 (FIG. 9).At step 156, VSM 28 identifies a version of media assets 6 that isencoded for a playback rate that is substantially equal to the averageof the version of media assets 6 that is encoded for the highest andlowest playback rate. VSM 28 then sets the identified version of mediaassets 6 as a current media asset (158). VSM 28 then determines theoverall bandwidth utilization if media server 5 were to transmit thecurrent media asset to client device 4A (160). VSM 28 determines theoverall bandwidth utilization based on the committed overall bandwidthutilization and the estimated number of clients that will request todownload versions of media assets 6 during the transfer period.

VSM 28 then calculates whether the determined overall bandwidthutilization is equal to the data transfer policy stored in data transferpolicy module 30 (162). If the determined overall bandwidth utilizationis equal to the data transfer policy (YES of 162), VSM 28 selects thecurrent version of media assets 6 as the media asset that media server 5needs to transmit.

If the overall bandwidth utilization is not equal to the data transferpolicy (NO of 162), VSM 28 calculates whether the determined overallbandwidth utilization is less than the data transfer policy (164). Ifthe determined overall bandwidth utilization is greater than the datatransfer policy (NO of 164), VSM 28 selects the current version of mediaassets 6 as the version that media server 5 needs to transmit to clientdevice 4A.

If the determined overall bandwidth utilization is less than the datatransfer policy (YES of 164), VSM 28 identifies a version of mediaassets 6 that is encoded for the next highest playback rate compared tothe current version of media assets 6 (166). VSM 28 then sets theidentified version of media assets 6 as the current version of mediaassets 6 and determines the bandwidth required to transmit the currentversion of media assets 6 (158). VSM 28 keeps selecting versions ofmedia assets 6 that are encoded for a higher playback rate than thecurrent media asset until the determined overall bandwidth utilizationis greater than or equal to the data transfer policy.

As described so far, in some embodiments, delivery information server 10selects a version of media assets 6 such that the overall bandwidthutilization is less than or equal to a desired overall bandwidthutilization. For example, in embodiments where MCP 7 sets a maximumoverall bandwidth utilization, delivery information server 10 selects aversion of media assets 6 such that the overall bandwidth utilizationdoes not exceed the maximum overall bandwidth utilization. Clientdevices 4 then start to download the selected versions of media assets6.

However, in some embodiments it may be advantageous to require clientdevices 4 to dynamically switch from downloading the selected version ofmedia assets 6 and download from a new version of media assets 6 that isencoded for a higher or lower playback rate. For example, in someinstances, it may be possible that the overall bandwidth utilizationapproaches the maximum desired overall bandwidth utilization. In suchinstances, it may be beneficial to require each one of client devices 4to dynamically switch to a version of media assets 6 that is encoded fora lower playback rate. The disclosure below describes embodiments thatallow a client device to dynamically switch between different versionsof media assets 6.

To force client devices 4 to dynamically switch to a new version ofmedia assets 6, delivery information server 10 transmits a command toeach one of client devices 4 indicating that they need to dynamicallyswitch to a different version of media assets 6. Alternately, deliveryinformation server 10 makes available in a location accessible to andperiodically checked by client devices 4, that each of client devices 4should switch to a different version of media asset 6 as possible. Inresponse, as explained in more detail below, each one of client devices4 dynamically switches from the current version of the media asset tothe new version of the media asset.

FIG. 12 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary download agent 42connected to a media server 5. For clarity, the other components onclient device 4 have been omitted to show the relationship betweendownload agent 42 and media server 5. In the example embodiment,download agent 42 includes playback controller 22, stream agent 172,source manager 174, and temporal metadata 176. For purpose of example,media player 40 is shown as external to download agent 42, however, asdescribed above, download agent 42 may encapsulate media player 40.

As shown in FIG. 12, download agent 42 provides content to media player40 via a single TCP connection 178 internal to client device 4. Downloadagent 42 may, for example, open and maintain a single socket connectionfor communication of downloaded media content to media player via TCPconnection 178. In this example, TCP connection 178 may be a standardtransmission control protocol (TCP) connection used in Open SystemsInterconnection Basic Reference Model (OSI). TCP connection 178 remainsconstant between media player 40 and download agent 42 regardless of theplayback rate of a particular media asset that are being downloaded bydownload agent 42; download agent seamlessly splices the different mediaassets onto TCP connection 178 so that media player 40 is unaware of anydynamic playback rate switches selected by download agent 42.

As described above, media server 5 may include a plurality of mediafiles 6A-6N that generally represent exemplary media assets. Media files6 may each contain similar content (e.g., the same movie), but atdifferent encoding quality. As shown in FIG. 12, download agent 42 mayinitiate and establish a plurality of different TCP connections180A-180N (herein referred to as “TCP connections 180”) through network8 for downloading one or more of media assets 6 from media server 5.

In general, source manager 174 handles connection management for accessand retrieval of data from media assets 6 within media server 5. Sourcemanager 174 handles all specific implementation details necessary foracquiring the media content and providing the data to stream agent 172.In this example, source manager implements a plurality of TCP networkstacks and may concurrently handle multiple TCP connections 178 to mediaserver 5. Source manager 174 de-multiplex the input data streams frommedia assets 6 as directed by stream agent 172.

As described above, in the context of video, each of media assets 6typically contains a plurality of video frames encoded in accordancewith a video compression scheme. One type of frame is referred to as akey frame or intra picture that can be decoded without reference toother frames and may, for example, provide an entire encoded picture.The term “key frame” is used herein to generally refer to this type offrame within an encoded media stream. In the context of H.264 coding,key frames are referred to as “i-frames.” Between each key frame arepredicted pictures or bi-predicted pictures that generally contain imagedata and motion vector displacements that are relative to the previouskey frame in the media file. Download agent 42 coordinates and initiatesdynamic transition such that the cut-over between playback rates fromone of media files 6 to another occurs at a video frame that is notdependent on other video frames within the stream, i.e., a key frame.

In general, stream agent 172 is responsible for serializing disparatestreams of media assets 6 into a valid output stream for delivery tomedia player 40 via TCP connection 178 while additionally performing anyrequired transformations to the stream data in the form of dynamicplayback rate transitions. Upon a request by delivery information server10 to source manager 174 to switch to a new version of media assets 6,stream agent downloads metadata contained within a first segment of theversion of media assets 6 selected by delivery information server 10.For example, the metadata within each of media assets 6 may indicatethat video frames in the media object are encoded in accordance with theH.264 format and are to be presented at a rate of 35 frames per second.In addition, the metadata may indicate other data such as copyrightinformation, whether the media is to be presented in black and white,information that identifies an artist associated with the media object,and other information. In addition, the metadata contained within eachof media assets 6 includes a key frame list that indicates byte indexesassociated with key frames for the respective media file.

Based on the downloaded metadata, generates temporal metadata 176 thatcorrelates the time stamps for key frames for the different version ofmedia assets 6 selected by delivery information server, to byte offsetsin the various media file formats. For example, temporal metadata 176may be arranged as an array or other data structure that identifies setsof key frames having substantially similar time offsets within the mediato be presented (e.g., a first set of key frames having a key frameselected from each of the media files at approximately 3 seconds ofplayback, a second set of key frames associated with approximately 7seconds of playback, and the like). Temporal metadata 176 thencorrelates the key frames of the version of media assets to appropriatebyte offsets within media assets 6. In this way, the byte offsets withinmedia assets for temporally proximate key frames are correlated andstored within temporal metadata 176.

In some embodiments, temporal metadata 176 may not be part of downloadagent 42. Instead temporal metadata 176 may reside on either mediaserver 5 or delivery information server 10. In these embodiments,download agent 42 may receive a list of key frames for new version ofmedia assets 6 from media server 5 or delivery information server 10.The key frame for each one of media assets may already by temporallyproximate to one another. Additionally, media server 5 or deliveryinformation server 10 may correlate the byte offsets within media assets6 for temporally proximate key frames.

Stream agent 172 interacts with source manager 174 to request data fromspecific portions of media assets 6 and blends data from the disparatestreams of media assets 6 into a valid output stream 182 whileperforming any required transformations to the stream data. For example,source manager 174 may request particular segments of the new version ofmedia assets 6 and extract the application-layer media data from the newversion of media assets 6 for placement into a respective “container.”Stream agent 172 may then interact with the appropriate softwarecontainer of source manager 174 to retrieve the appropriate media data.Stream agent 172 may be preprogrammed to perform actions on specificmedia file formats such as Flash Format (FLU) used by Adobe FlashPlayer, provided by Adobe Systems, Inc., Advanced System Format (ASF)used by Windows Media Player, provided by Microsoft Inc., or other mediafile formats. Stream agent 172 may also ensure that download from thenew version of media assets 6 is forecasted based on conditions and thatthe resultant data stream are stitched together at temporally correlatedkey frames. In this manner, user 44 viewing media player 40 may beoblivious to the automated functions of download agent 42.

As described herein, MCP 7 selects versions of media assets stored onmedia server 5 such that when media server 5 transmits the selectedversions an overall bandwidth utilization is less than or equal to adesired overall bandwidth utilization. The different versions of mediaassets are encoded for playback rates. MCP 7 may utilize differentamounts of bandwidth to transmit the media assets that are encoded fordifferent playback rates. Accordingly, MCP 7 can control its bandwidthutilization by selecting different versions of the media assets. Thebandwidth required to transmit a media asset may be based on thecompression of the media asset.

As described above, one technique for calculating the bandwidth requiredto transmit the media asset is to divide the total number of bits of thecompressed media asset by the playback duration of the media asset. Thistechnique provides an average overall bandwidth requirement, i.e., anaverage of the bandwidth required to transmit the entire media asset.However, there may be portions within the media asset that require moreor less bandwidth for transmission. For example, assume an uncompressedmedia asset comprises a total 10 mega-bits and the duration is 10seconds. A first portion, e.g., the first 5 seconds of the media asset,may represent rapid visual changes and a second portion, e.g., the last5 seconds of the media asset, may represent minimal visual changes.After encoding, the first portion may compress to 4 mega-bits and thesecond portion may compress to 1 mega-bit. Therefore the total size ofthe compressed media asset is 5 mega-bits that need to be displayed in10 seconds. According to the first technique to calculate the bandwidthrequired to transmit the media asset to achieve uninterrupted playback,the required bandwidth is 500 Kbps (5 mega-bits divided by 10 seconds).This required bandwidth may be referred as the average overall bandwidthrequirement.

However, in this example, 4 mega-bits that comprise the first portion ofthe media asset need to be transmitted in 5 seconds. Therefore thebandwidth required to transmit the first portion is 800 Kbps (4mega-bits divided by 5 seconds). In this example, 1 mega-bits thatcomprise the second portion need to be transmitted in 5 seconds.Therefore the bandwidth required to transmit the second portion is 200Kbps (1 mega-bit divided by 5 seconds. The requirement to transmit eachportion of the media asset may be referred to as the average portionbandwidth requirement.

The average overall bandwidth requirement fails to account for portionswithin the media asset with rapid visual changes or minimal visualchanges. As illustrated in the example above, based on the actualcontent of the media asset, different portions within the media assetmay require more or less bandwidth for transmission compared tobandwidth requirement provided by the average overall bandwidthrequirement. The average portion bandwidth requirement may be a betterindication of the bandwidth required to transmit a media asset.

In some examples, media server 5 and/or data storage module 30 may storea list of key frames and corresponding timestamps for each version ofthe media assets. Based on the key frames and timestamps, media server 5and/or data storage module 30 calculate the bandwidth required totransmit various portions of the media assets. For example, a portionmay be defined as 100 frames. For each version of the media assets,media server 5 and/or data storage module 30 may determine the totalnumber of bits between the first 100 frames and the duration of thefirst 100 frames. Media server 5 and/or data storage module 30 maydetermine the bandwidth required to transmit the first 100 frames bydividing the number of bits between the first 100 frames by the durationof the first 100 frames. Media sever 5 and/or data storage module 30 mayrepeat this calculation for all the frames in 100 frame increments. Aportion of 100 frames is provided only for illustration purposes.

In some examples of this disclosure, VSM 28 (FIG. 3) may account for thefact that MCP 7 utilizes different amount of bandwidths for differentportions within a media asset. As described in step 120 of FIG. 9 andstep 150 of FIG. 11, VSM 28 estimates the committed overall bandwidthutilization during the estimated transfer period. As described above,the committed overall bandwidth utilization for a transfer period is anoverall bandwidth utilization at which media server 5 is committed totransferring previously requested media assets. In some examples, tocalculate the committed overall bandwidth utilization, VSM 28 onlyconsiders the overall average bandwidth required to transmit the mediaassets which media server 5 is committed to transfer, as described abovewith respect to FIG. 9.

In an alternative example, VSM 28 considers the portion averagebandwidth of the media assets during the estimated transfer period. Byconsidering the portion average bandwidth, VSM 28 may produce a bettercalculation for the committed overall bandwidth utilization. Forexample, assume client device 4A, 4B, and 4C requested media assets 6A,6B, and 6C, respectively. VSM 28 estimated the transfer period to be 30minutes. Assume that the average bandwidths required to transmit mediaassets 6A, 6B, and 6C are 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps, and 3 Mbps, respectively.Assume that the portion average bandwidth for the first 15 minutes ofmedia assets 6A, 6B, and 6C is 0.5 Mbps, 1 Mbps, and 2 Mbps,respectively. Assume the portion average bandwidth for the last 15minutes of media assets 6A, 6B, and 6C is 1.5 Mbps, 3 Mbps, and 4 Mbps,respectively. In this example, the portion is defined as 15 minutes.Note that the average of the bandwidth of the first 15 minutes and last15 minutes of media assets 6A, 6B, and 6C is the same as the overallaverage bandwidth of media assets 6A, 6B, and 6C. For example, theaverage of 0.5 Mbps and 1.5 Mbps is 1 Mbps, i.e., the overall averagebandwidth of media asset 6A.

If VSM 28 only used the overall average bandwidth to estimate thecommitted overall bandwidth utilization, then VSM 28 will determine thatthe committed overall bandwidth utilization for the 30 minute transferperiod is 6 Mbps (1 Mbps+2 Mbps+3 Mbps). However, if VSM 28 used theportion average bandwidth to estimate the committed overall bandwidthutilization, then VSM 28 will determine that the committed overallbandwidth utilization for the first 15 minutes of the 30 minute transferperiod is 3.5 Mbps (0.5 Mbps+1 Mbps+2 Mbps). VSM 28 will also determinethat the committed overall bandwidth utilization for the last 15 minutesof the 30 minute transfer period is 8.5 Mbps (1.5 Mbps+3 Mbps+4 Mbps).In this manner VSM 28 has a more accurate estimate of the overallbandwidth utilization as compared to when VSM 28 only relies on theoverall average bandwidth.

As described above, based on the committed overall bandwidth, VSM 28calculates the uncommitted bandwidth utilization in step 122 of FIG. 9.By using the portion average bandwidth, VSM 28 may be capable ofdetermining a better estimate of the uncommitted bandwidth utilization.

As described above, VSM 28 identifies a version of media assets 6 thatshould be transmitted by dividing the uncommitted overall bandwidthutilization with the maximum number of client devices 4 that will bedownloading media assets from media server 5 during the transfer periodas described with respect to step 128 in FIG. 7. By using the portionaverage bandwidth, VSM 28 may select a better version of media assets 6compared to only using the overall average bandwidth. For example,assume as described above, that the committed overall bandwidthutilization for the first 15 minutes of a 30 minute interval is 3.5 Mbpsand the committed overall bandwidth utilization for the last 15 minutesof the 30 minute interval is 8.5 Mbps as determined based on the portionaverage bandwidth of media assets 6A, 6B, and 6C. Assume that thedesired overall bandwidth utilization is 20 Mbps. Accordingly, theuncommitted bandwidth utilization will be 16.5 Mbps for the first 15minutes and 11.5 Mbps for the last 15 minutes.

Assume that VSM 28 estimated that there will be 10 clients trying todownload media assets 6 as described with respect to step 126 of FIG. 9.For those 10 clients, VSM 28 may select a version of media assets 6 thatrequire a bandwidth of 1.65 Mbps (16.5 Mbps divided by 10) fortransmission for the first 15 minutes in the time interval of the videocontent, and select a version of media assets 6 that require a bandwidthof 1.15 Mbps (11.5 divided by 10) for transmission for the last 15minutes in the time interval of the video content. Client devices 4 maysplice together the content from the different versions of media assets6 as described above with respect to FIG. 12.

Keeping with this example numbers, if VSM 28 only used overall averagebandwidth, then VSM 28 will decide that the committed bandwidthutilization is 6 Mbps. The uncommitted bandwidth utilization will be 14Mbps and the identified version of the media asset will be the mediaasset that requires a bandwidth of 1.4 Mbps (14 Mbps divided by 10clients) for transmission. Accordingly, if VSM 28 only used overallaverage bandwidth than for the first 15 minutes of the time interval,VSM 28 selected a lower quality version of media asset 6 as compared toif VSM 28 used portion average bandwidth, e.g., media asset encoded for1.4 Mbps provides lower quality media content compared to a media assetencoded for 1.65 Mbps.

Accordingly, in some examples, VSM 28 may use only the overall averagebandwidth to select versions of media assets 6 that media server 5should transmit. In some alternate examples, VSM 28 may use the portionaverage bandwidth to select version of media assets 6 that media server5 should transmit.

The techniques described herein may be implemented in hardware,software, firmware, or any combination thereof. Any features describedas modules or components may be implemented together in an integratedlogic device or separately as discrete but interoperable logic devices.If implemented in software, the techniques may be realized at least inpart by a computer-readable medium comprising instructions that, whenexecuted, performs one or more of the methods described above. Thecomputer-readable medium may form part of a computer program product,which may include packaging materials. The computer-readable medium maycomprise random access memory (“RAM”) such as synchronous dynamic randomaccess memory (“SDRAM”), read-only memory (“ROM”), non-volatile randomaccess memory (“NVRAM”), electrically erasable programmable read-onlymemory (“EEPROM”), FLASH memory, magnetic or optical data storage media,and the like. The techniques additionally, or alternatively, may berealized at least in part by a computer-readable communication mediumthat carries or communicates code in the form of instructions or datastructures and that can be accessed, read, and/or executed by acomputer.

The code may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or moredigital signal processors (“DSPs”), general purpose microprocessors,application-specific integrated circuits (“ASICs”), field programmablelogic arrays (“FPGAs”), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logiccircuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may referto any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable forimplementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in someaspects, the functionality described herein may be provided withindedicated software modules or hardware modules configured for encodingand decoding, or incorporated in a combined video encoder-decoder(“CODEC”).

Various embodiments of the invention have been described. These andother embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

1. A method comprising: determining, by a device including a processor,a desired overall bandwidth utilization for at least one networkresource during a billing period; and selecting, by the device, one of aplurality of versions of a media asset to respond to a request for themedia asset based upon the desired overall bandwidth utilization,wherein respective versions of the media asset have respective differingbandwidth utilizations of the at least one network resource.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the desired overall bandwidth utilization isa maximum overall bandwidth utilization for the billing period.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the desired overall bandwidth utilization isan estimated overall bandwidth utilization for the billing period. 4.The method of claim 3, further comprising determining, by the device,the estimated overall bandwidth utilization based upon at least one ofhistorical overall bandwidth utilization or a known future event thatwill impact overall bandwidth utilization.
 5. The method of claim 1,further comprising dynamically adjusting, by the device, the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization to a current highest overall bandwidthutilization for the billing period.
 6. A system, comprising: at leastone processor; at least one non-transitory computer readable mediumcommunicatively coupled to the at least one processor, the at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereincomputer-executable instructions, comprising: a data transfer policymodule that determines a desired overall bandwidth utilization for atleast one network resource during a billing period; and a versionselection module that selects one of a plurality of versions of a mediaasset to respond to a request for the media asset based upon the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization, wherein respective versions of the mediaasset have respective differing bandwidth utilizations of the at leastone network resource.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization is a maximum overall bandwidth utilizationfor the billing period.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization is an estimated overall bandwidthutilization for the billing period.
 9. The system of claim 8, whereinthe data transfer policy module determines the estimated overallbandwidth utilization based upon at least one of historical overallbandwidth utilization or a known future event that will impact overallbandwidth utilization.
 10. The system of claim 6, wherein the datatransfer policy module dynamically adjusts the desired overall bandwidthutilization to a current highest overall bandwidth utilization for thebilling period.
 11. A non-transitory computer-readable medium havinginstructions stored thereon that, in response to execution, cause atleast one device to perform operations comprising: determining a desiredoverall bandwidth utilization for at least one network resource during abilling period; and selecting one of a plurality of versions of a mediaasset to respond to a request for the media asset based upon the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization, wherein respective versions of the mediaasset have respective differing bandwidth utilizations of the at leastone network resource.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 11, wherein the desired overall bandwidth utilization is a maximumoverall bandwidth utilization for the billing period.
 13. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the desiredoverall bandwidth utilization is an estimated overall bandwidthutilization for the billing period.
 14. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 13, wherein the operations furthercomprise determining the estimated overall bandwidth utilization basedupon at least one of historical overall bandwidth utilization or a knownfuture event that will impact overall bandwidth utilization.
 15. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein theoperations further comprise dynamically adjusting the desired overallbandwidth utilization to a current highest overall bandwidth utilizationfor the billing period.
 16. A system, comprising: means for determininga desired overall bandwidth utilization for at least one networkresource during a billing period; and means for selecting one of aplurality of versions of a media asset to respond to a request for themedia asset based upon the desired overall bandwidth utilization,wherein respective versions of the media asset have respective differingbandwidth utilizations of the at least one network resource.
 17. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the desired overall bandwidth utilization isa maximum overall bandwidth utilization for the billing period.
 18. Thesystem of claim 16, wherein the desired overall bandwidth utilization isan estimated overall bandwidth utilization for the billing period. 19.The system of claim 18, further comprising means for determining theestimated overall bandwidth utilization based upon at least one ofhistorical overall bandwidth utilization or a known future event thatwill impact overall bandwidth utilization.
 20. The system of claim 16,further comprising means for dynamically adjusting the desired overallbandwidth utilization to a current highest overall bandwidth utilizationfor the billing period.